The use and availability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have increased significantly over the past decade. These substances can be found in various forms, such as natural plant-based compounds and synthetic compounds. "New psychoactive substances" are referred...

Euphoria is a derivative of the Greek words "well" and "pher", which literally means "to bear". It is different from dysphoria. According to a 1706 English dictionary, euphoria is the feeling of being able to feel relieved or satisfied by a treatment. In the 1860s,...

Designer drugs are substances that have been created to make people feel high or attain a euphoric state. These are often referred to as “high-end drugs,” and they can cause users to feel different about themselves. In some cases, these drugs can lead to addiction and...

In humans, the TAAR1 (Trace amine-associated receptor 1) gene is responsible for the regulation of amine-associated protein. This protein is mainly expressed in various peripheral organs and cells, such as the small intestine, stomach, white blood cells, and...

A wide variety of drugs known as hallucinogens can alter a person's perception of their surroundings and thoughts. There are two main types of these substances: classic hallucinogens such as LSD and dissociative drugs such as PCP. Both of these can cause users to feel...

Monoamines are neuromodulators that are derived from single amino acids. The major constituents of these compounds are serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. The former is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine, while the latter is derived from tryptophan. Monoamine...

Morphine is a derivative of opium that can be found in the form of a dark brown resin known as Papaver somniferum. It can be taken orally, intra-dermal, or intravenously. It can also be used to treat pain. Its effects can be induced by the central nervous system. It...

What is Serotonin? Serotonin is a neurochemical that has a complex and multifaceted biological function. It is known to regulate mood, memory, and cognition. It also exerts vasoconstriction and vomiting. Serotonin is a hormone that helps keep our mood and well-being...

What is Dopamine? Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that transmits information from one neuron to another. It is an essential part of the brain, and its function is critical for a wide variety of functions. Dopamine is a neuromodulatory chemical that plays important...

Hydrocodone is an opiate-like analgesic drug that can be bought over-the-counter. It has been the subject of ongoing debate as to its safety and effectiveness, especially when it is used as a cough suppressant. Hydrocodone is categorized under the group of medicines...